Topic
ISPs
How internet service providers work, what they see, and how they shape your connection.
3 articles
What is IPv4 exhaustion (and what's actually happening with it)?
We ran out of IPv4 addresses years ago — and the internet kept growing. Here's what 'exhaustion' actually means, why CGNAT and IPv6 buy us more time, and the surprisingly active market for buying IPv4 in 2026.
What is CGNAT? Carrier-Grade NAT explained
If you can't host a server at home, port forwarding doesn't work, and your 'public' IP looks like 100.x.x.x — you're behind CGNAT. Here's what carrier-grade NAT is, why ISPs use it, and what to do about it.
What is BGP, and how do route hijacks happen?
BGP is how networks tell each other where to send packets. It's the routing fabric of the entire internet — and also one of its most fragile pieces. Here's how it works, why it occasionally fails spectacularly, and what's being done about it.